![]() Unemployment, and casual and marginal employment, are rising pretty much everywhere. The context for the emergence of this group (or groups, if we count the “educated” freeter and the hyper-excluded as distinct) is that the formal economy is declining in scale across the world, leaving more and more people outside of or marginal to it. In mainstream political science scholarship, a similar stratum – usually identified as educated, un/underemployed, and socially frustrated – has been identified as the agent of autonomous activism in Europe (Clark 1996), of East Asian communist movements (reference misplaced), and of a wide range of ethnic revivalist and nationalist movements (Smith 1979). ![]() In India, pressures reminiscent of the 1968 rebellions are stirring in the cities as the situation of single youths runs up against conservative values (Chakravarthy 2007). One might in other circumstances say that this group is the main constituency of the Afghan and Pakistani (neo-)Taleban (Giustozzi 2007) and of Islamism in Egypt (Slackman 2008). In Iran, there is an entire dissident counterculture emerging from a similarly situated stratum of young people (Zanganeth ed 2006). It is one of the most common constituencies of radical and insurgent political movements across the spectrum, and its peculiar situation – slipping outside the segmentary linear functioning of identity-narratives of paid work, consumer affluence and (nuclear) family – places it at the forefront of historical transformation. Whatever its name, this stratum is politically important. Similarly, “precariat” and “precarity” have emerged as terms in the discourse in Europe, signifying marginal workers and non-workers as distinct from full-time, well-paid workers. In post-autonomism, "emarginati" has some similar connotations, though it refers mainly to those within the group who have (marginal) work. The term "neet" is sometimes used in English, meaning “not in employment or education” in Blairite-neoliberal rhetoric, “neet” are viewed as a problem. Such a person is caught in a kind of social limbo between social statuses, and appear discursively and socially as perennial agents of revolt – “youths” form the backbone of most protests, the footsoldiers of political parties, the recruits for resistance and opposition movements, etc. In Africa, the term “youth” is often extended to members of a similar category – young people (especially but not exclusively men) who are too old to be classified as children who are expected to have potential support, but who have not entered into the socially-recognised categories of adulthood by getting a well-paid job. Many of those participating in similar protests in European countries doubtless come from a similar social position. In Japan, the Freeters General Union is a political body with a broadly autonomist and anti-neoliberal perspective, which organizes initiatives such as Mayday demonstrations and anti-government protests (see ). This is the stratum which provides most of the participants in autonomous activism throughout the global North. The Japanese are unusual in giving it a name. Although the Japanese have coined a term for the group, they exist all over the world, and are a social force of underestimated and growing importance. NET Framework Version:9 ASP.NET Version."A Freeter (“a Japanese expression for people between the age of 15 and 34 who lack full time employment or are unemployed, excluding homemakers and students” – Wikipedia). Page.ProcessRequestMain(Boolean includeStagesBeforeAsyncPoint, Boolean includeStagesAfterAsyncPoint) +3785 ![]() (IEnumerable`1 source, TSource value, IEqualit圜omparer`1 comparer) +371 [ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null. Information regarding the origin and location of the exception can be identified using the exception stack trace below. Please review the stack trace for more information about the error and where it originated in the code.Įxception Details: System.ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null.Īn unhandled exception was generated during the execution of the current web request. Parameter name: source Description: An unhandled exception occurred during the execution of the current web request. Value cannot be null.Parameter name: source Server Error in '/' Application.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |